Warshadaha kiimikada, waxaa jira laba badeeco oo leh magacyo isku mid ah, kuwaas oo kala ah glyoxylic acid iyo glycolic acid. Dadku inta badan ma kala saari karaan. Maanta, aynu isla eegno labadan badeecadood. Glyoxylic acid iyo glycolic acid waa laba isku-dhafan oo dabiici ah oo leh kala duwanaansho weyn oo xagga qaab dhismeedka iyo guryaha ah. Kala duwanaanshoodu waxay inta badan ku jiraan qaab-dhismeedka molecular, sifooyinka kiimikada, sifooyinka jirka iyo codsiyada, sida soo socota:
Qaab dhismeedka molecular iyo ka kooban yahay way kala duwan yihiin
Tani waa farqiga aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya labada, kaas oo si toos ah u go'aamiya faraqa u dhexeeya guryaha kale.
CAS 298-12-4, oo leh caanaha kiimikada C2H2O3 iyo qaabka qaabdhismeedka HOOC-CHO, waxay ka kooban tahay laba kooxood oo shaqeynaya - kooxda carboxyl (-COOH) iyo kooxda aldehyde (-CHO), waxayna ka tirsan tahay fasalka aldehyde acid ee xeryahooda.
CAS 79-14-1, oo leh qaacidada kiimikada C2H4O3 iyo qaacidada qaab dhismeedka HOOC-CH2OH, waxay ka kooban tahay laba kooxood oo shaqeynaya - kooxda carboxyl (-COOH) iyo kooxda hydroxyl (-OH), waxayna ka tirsan tahay fasalka α -hydroxy acid ee xeryahooda.
Noocyada molecular ee labadoodu waxay ku kala duwan yihiin laba atom oo hydrogen ah (H2), iyo farqiga u dhexeeya kooxaha shaqada (kooxda aldehyde vs. kooxda hydroxyl) waa farqiga u dhexeeya.
Sifooyin kiimikaad oo kala duwan
Farqiga u dhexeeya kooxaha shaqeeyaa waxay keenayaan sifooyin kiimiko oo kala duwan oo u dhexeeya labada:
Astaamahaglycoxylic acid(sababtoo ah joogitaanka kooxaha aldehyde):
Waxay leedahay sifooyin dhimis xoog leh: kooxda aldehyde si fudud ayaa loo oksaydhiyay waxayna mari kartaa falcelin muraayad qalin ah oo leh xal ammonia oo lacag ah, la falgasha hakinta naxaasta hydroxide ee cusub ee la diyaariyey si ay u sameeyaan roobab leben-cas ah (cuprous oxide), waxaana sidoo kale lagu oksaydhsiin karaa oxalic acid by oxidants sida potassium permanganate iyo hydrogen peroxide.
Kooxaha Aldehyde waxay la kulmi karaan falcelin dheeri ah: tusaale ahaan, waxay la falcelin karaan hydrogen si ay u sameeyaan glycolic acid (tani waa nooc ka mid ah xiriirka isbeddelka ee ka dhexeeya labada).
Astaamaha glycolic acid (sababtoo ah joogitaanka kooxaha hydroxyl):
Kooxaha Hydroxyl waa nucleophilic: waxay ku mari karaan falcelinta intramolecular ama intermolecular esterification kooxaha kaarboxyl si ay u sameeyaan esters wareeg ah ama polyester (sida polyglycolic acid, walxo polymer ah oo la dumin karo).
Kooxaha Hydroxyl waa la oksaydheyn karaa: si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibka oksaydhisku wuu ka sarreeyaa kooxaha aldehyde ee glyoxylic acid, iyo oksaydh adag (sida potassium dichromate) ayaa looga baahan yahay inay oxidize kooxaha hydroxyl kooxaha aldehyde ama kooxaha karboxyl.
Aashitada kooxda carboxyl: Labaduba waxay ka kooban yihiin kooxaha karboxyl waana asiidh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kooxda hydroxyl ee glycolic acid waxay leedahay saameyn daciif ah oo ku-deeqidda elektaroonigga ah ee kooxda carboxyl, iyo aysiidhkeedu wax yar ayuu ka daciifsan yahay kan glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Astaamaha jireed ee kala duwan
Gobolka iyo milanka:
Si diyaar ah ugu milmay biyaha iyo dareerayaasha organic polar (sida ethanol), laakiin farqiga u dhexeeya polarity molecular dartiis, milmahoodu wax yar bay ka duwan yihiin (glyoxylic acid waxay leedahay polarity xoog leh iyo milanka wax yar ka sarreeya biyaha).
barta dhalaalaysa
Barta dhalaalka ee glyoxylic acid waa qiyaastii 98 ℃, halka ta glycolic acid ay tahay 78-79 ℃. Farqiga ayaa ka yimid xoogagga intermolecular (kooxda aldehyde ee glyoxylic acid waxay leedahay awood xoog leh si ay u sameeyaan bond bonds hydrogen oo leh kooxda carboxyl).
Codsi kala duwan
Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in warshadaha synthesis organic, sida synthesis of vanillin (dhadhan), allantoin (farmasiga dhexdhexaadka ah ee kor u qaadida bogsashada boogta), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (dhexdhexaad ah antibiyootiga), iwm Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sida wax lagu daro in xal electroplating ama in la isku qurxiyo (ka faa'iidaysiga guryaha ay yaraynta iyo antioxidant). Alaabooyinka daryeelka timaha: Walxaha qaboojiyaha ahaan, waxay ka caawisaa hagaajinta xadhkaha timaha ee dhaawacan waxayna xoojisaa dhalaalka timaha (waxay u baahan tahay in lagu daro maaddooyin kale si loo yareeyo xanaaqa).
Sida α-hydroxy acid (AHA), codsigeeda udub-dhexaadka ah ayaa inta badan ku jira goobta alaabta daryeelka maqaarka. Waxay u adeegtaa sida qayb ka-baxsan (iyaga oo milmaya walxaha isku xidha inta u dhaxaysa stratum corneum maqaarka si kor loogu qaado daadinta maqaarka dhintay), hagaajinta dhibaatooyinka sida maqaarka qallafsan iyo calaamadaha finanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa warshadaha dharka (sida wakiilka bleaching), wakiilada nadiifinta (saarista miisaanka), iyo isku-darka caagadaha burburay (polyglycolic acid).
Farqiga muhiimka ah ee u dhexeeya labada afkoda ee kooxaha shaqada: glyoxylic acid waxaa ku jira koox aldehyde ah (oo leh sifooyin dhimis xoog leh, oo loo isticmaalo isku dhafka organic), iyo glycolic acid waxaa ku jira koox hydroxyl ah (waa la nadiifin karaa, loo isticmaalo daryeelka maqaarka iyo goobaha alaabta). Laga soo bilaabo qaab-dhismeedka ilaa dabeecadda iyo ka dib codsiga, dhammaantood waxay muujinayaan kala duwanaansho muhiim ah sababtoo ah kala soocida asaasiga ah.
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-11-2025